Bandura

Albert Bandura - Hypodermic needle

If you consume media products they can change your behaviour through passive audience model. 

e.g watching violent films make you violent, playing videogames make you violent

e.g. DOOM 1993 made the Columbine shooters 

When playing video games you don't interact like watching the film. You use internal logic often prompted by quest markers and text prompts. 

This clearly shows they are not real people, we are not going to be influenced and do this in the real world. 

Media amplification - media is screaming about something totally out of proportion, creates a scapegoat for all that is bad in the world. e.g DOOM blamed for the Columbine mass shooting

Reception theory Stuart Hall

- whether or not you agree with the ideology of the producer. 

Preferred - agree with the ideology of the producer

Oppositional - disagree with the ideology of the producer

Negotiated - agree with SOME of the ideology of the producer

Aberrant - audience completely misunderstands what is going on 

e.g. negotiated readings: love idea of liberation but don't agree with violence ; on one hand shines a light on history, but does it glorify slavery?; hate the scifi elements, love the historical fantasy - dislike genre hybridity; 

e.g. aberrant reading: enjoy seeing a black woman being beaten up

lore - history of the video game world 

Dark Souls 3 - hardcore game for hardcore audience, can be negotiated in many different ways. People have made lore videos explaining the history of different bosses and NPC's by reading item descriptions in game and piecing it together, creating the full story. This is a high level of engagement, people could play it and not find any of the history.

This links to Fandom theory. 

People all interact in different ways to games, many people who started Dark Souls 3 never finished it. 

The Silver Case : The 25th Ward

Grasshopper Manufacture (2018)
Visual novels. However highly atypical of the genre as they are 

How is it atypical?
- Excessive swears
- Visuals
- The typing noise is annoying - made the noise to piss you off.
- The game is trying to annoy you
- Made reference to other games (RPG) for no reason
- Satisfying to complete a game that is deliberately annoying
- Bizzare dialogue
- Almost unplayable

Henry Jenkins - Fandom

• Fandom refers to a particularly organised and motivated audience of a certain media producer franchise
• Unlike the generic audience or the classic spectator, fans are active participants in the construction and circulation of textual meanings. 
• Fans appropriate texts and read them in ways that are not fully intended by the media producers (textual poaching). Examples of this may manifest in conventions, fanfictions etc.

Clay Shirky - 'End of audience' 

• Audiences are no longer passive they interact with media products is an increasingly comp